The tenth chapter of NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Vyakaranavithi, titled “Karaka aur Vibhakti” (कारक और विभक्ति), plays a major role in understanding how words connect to form meaningful Sanskrit sentences. It explains how different cases (vibhakti) and roles (karaka) show the relationship between nouns, verbs, and other parts of a sentence. This concept is at the core of Sanskrit grammar, and the NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 10 PDF provides a simple, structured way to learn it with examples and exercises.

I chose to write about this topic because “Karaka and Vibhakti” is often considered one of the trickiest yet most important parts of Sanskrit grammar. Many students find it confusing to identify which case-ending (vibhakti) goes with which karaka, but once you understand the logic behind it, everything starts making sense. This chapter not only improves grammatical accuracy but also helps you translate and frame Sanskrit sentences correctly. Whether you’re preparing for board exams or just want to gain clarity in grammar, mastering Chapter 10 will make a big difference in your overall understanding of the language.

About NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Vyakaranavithi

The Vyakaranavithi textbook has been structured to give students a gradual and complete command over Sanskrit grammar. Each chapter builds on the previous one—from simple word forms to complex sentence structures. Chapter 10, Karaka aur Vibhakti, is where grammar takes a more practical turn. It helps learners connect their earlier lessons on noun forms, verb forms, and samasa to sentence construction.

This chapter is crucial because Sanskrit depends on vibhakti (case endings) rather than word order to convey meaning. For instance, even if you change the order of words in a Sanskrit sentence, its meaning remains intact—something that happens only because of the clear role each word plays through karaka and vibhakti.

What is Karaka?

In Sanskrit grammar, Karaka (कारक) refers to the relationship between a verb and a noun. Each noun in a sentence performs a particular role related to the action of the verb—like who does it, who receives it, where it happens, etc.

What is Vibhakti?

Vibhakti (विभक्ति) means case ending or grammatical inflection. Sanskrit has eight vibhaktis, and each corresponds to one of the karakas. These vibhaktis are added to the noun base to indicate its grammatical role in the sentence.

How Karaka and Vibhakti Work Together

A single sentence in Sanskrit can be broken down to show which word plays which role:

Example: रामः लेखनीया पत्रं लिखति

• रामः → Karta Karaka (Nominative – 1st Vibhakti)
• लेखनीया → Karana Karaka (Instrumental – 3rd Vibhakti)
• पत्रं → Karma Karaka (Objective – 2nd Vibhakti)

Each word’s ending tells us its role, so even if we rearrange it as “पत्रं रामः लेखनीया लिखति”, the meaning remains “Rama writes a letter with a pen.”

NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 10 PDF Download

Students can easily download the NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Vyakaranavithi Chapter 10: Karaka aur Vibhakti PDF from here.