Chapter 9 of Abhyaswaan Bhav, the NCERT Sanskrit textbook for Class 10, is titled “अव्ययानि (Avyayani)”, which refers to indeclinable words in Sanskrit. These are special types of words that never change their form, no matter where or how they are used in a sentence. Unlike nouns and verbs, which undergo declension or conjugation, Avyayas remain constant and play a key role in connecting words, adding emphasis, or showing relations in a sentence.
I decided to write about this chapter because Avyayas form the backbone of Sanskrit sentence construction. Many students underestimate their importance, but these small and seemingly simple words bring meaning and clarity to sentences. Understanding Avyayani helps learners improve their reading and translation skills, as these words often define the sense of time, place, manner, or relation. This chapter in Abhyaswaan Bhav not only helps strengthen grammar but also improves comprehension and accuracy while writing Sanskrit sentences.
About Chapter 9: अव्ययानि (Avyayani)
The word Avyaya literally means “that which does not change.” In grammar, these are indeclinable words that remain the same in all genders, numbers, and cases. In simple terms, no matter how the sentence changes, Avyayas stay as they are. This unique feature makes them easy to remember and very useful in both prose and poetry.
Chapter 9 of Abhyaswaan Bhav introduces students to different types of Avyayas, their meanings, and their uses in practical examples. The chapter also provides a detailed list of common Avyayas with their English meanings, which students can memorise and use in translation exercises.
What are Avyayas?
Avyayas are indeclinable words that do not change their form and are used to show relation, time, place, cause, or emphasis in a sentence. They can be compared to prepositions, adverbs, and conjunctions in English grammar.
For example:
- अत्र (here) – indicates place
- कदा (when) – indicates time
- तु (but) – used for contrast
- च (and) – used for joining words or phrases
Types of Avyayas
There are different types of Avyayas based on their meaning and use in a sentence. The chapter explains these in simple language with examples.
- Adverbial Avyayas (क्रियाविशेषण अव्यय)
These words modify verbs and describe how, when, or where an action takes place.
Examples:- कदा – when
- अत्र – here
- तत्र – there
- सदा – always
- Conjunctive Avyayas (संयोग अव्यय)
These words join two or more words or sentences together.
Examples:- च – and
- तु – but
- अपि – also, even
- वा – or
- Emphatic or Particle Avyayas (निपात अव्यय)
These are used to emphasise or add shades of meaning.
Examples:- हि – surely
- एव – only, indeed
- अपि – also, even
How to Download NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 9 Avyayani PDF
Students can easily download the NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit – Abhyaswaan Bhav Chapter 9 Avyayani PDF from here.
