NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 7 – विचित्रः साक्षी PDF Download

NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Shemushi Chapter 7 is titled विचित्रः साक्षी, which translates to “The Strange Witness.” This chapter is based on a short story with a strong moral lesson. Through simple narration and everyday situations, the chapter talks about honesty, truthfulness, and how people use clever tricks to escape punishment—until the truth comes out. The story is easy to understand but makes you think deeply about values we should uphold in society.

I chose to write about this chapter because it reminds us how important it is to stand by truth, even when it’s uncomfortable. In a world where people often twist facts for their own gain, विचित्रः साक्षी shows how lies are always exposed—sometimes in the most unexpected ways. When I studied this chapter in school, I found its story format very relatable and engaging. It’s perfect for students who want to learn Sanskrit in a meaningful way, rather than just rote memorisation. This lesson is also often asked in exams, so a clear understanding will help in scoring well.

Chapter Summary – विचित्रः साक्षी

This is a story about two friends—Haridatta and Devananda. Haridatta gives money to Devananda for safekeeping. But later, Devananda refuses to return the money and lies about ever receiving it. When Haridatta goes to court, he struggles to prove his side because there is no witness. Devananda says that the tree under which the transaction happened is the witness. What happens next is unexpected and clever.

Key Plot Points

Haridatta entrusts money to his friend Devananda
Devananda denies receiving the money
Haridatta takes the matter to court but has no proof
Devananda mockingly claims that a tree is the witness
Haridatta uses this statement smartly and exposes the lie

Main Moral

Truth always finds a way to reveal itself
Lies may work temporarily, but not forever
Cleverness mixed with honesty can defeat injustice

Download PDF

Click here to download the official NCERT Class 10 Sanskrit Chapter 7 – विचित्रः साक्षी PDF

NCERT Class 11 History Chapter 3 PDF (Hindi): यायावर साम्राज्य

Chapter 3 of Class 11 History (Hindi Medium), यायावर साम्राज्य, introduces us to the powerful nomadic groups who lived on grasslands and shaped world politics through their mobility and warfare skills. Unlike settled civilizations, these groups did not build fixed cities. Instead, they lived in tents, moved across open steppe lands, and controlled vast territories using trained cavalry, swift horses, and disciplined armies. This chapter mainly focuses on the Mongols and the rise of the great leader Genghis Khan, who built one of the largest empires in world history.

The Mongols break this idea completely; they ruled not through stone buildings but with strategy, speed, and unity. They controlled long trade routes like the Silk Road, protected traveling merchants, and brought different cultures in contact with each other. Even though they were feared for their battles, they also encouraged trade, promoted communication, and created connections between Europe and Asia. This chapter helps us realise that history is not only written in monuments, but also in movement, leadership, and cultural exchange. Understanding the nomadic empire changes our view of how societies grow without cities and how mobility can be a source of power.

About Chapter 3: यायावर साम्राज्य

This chapter explains who nomads were, how they lived, how they organized themselves, and how they built one of the most influential empires.

Who Were the Nomads?

Nomads were communities that moved from one place to another instead of settling permanently. They traveled with:

Herds of sheep, horses, goats, camels
Portable tents (known as yurts)
Weapons designed for horseback combat

Rise of Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan, originally named Temujin, united different Mongol tribes and became a legendary leader.

Leader	Contribution
Genghis Khan	United tribes, created military discipline, expanded the empire through conquests
Ögedei Khan	Strengthened administration, continued expansion
Mongke and Kublai Khan	Controlled trade, governed China, expanded diplomacy