Chapter 10 of the NCERT Class 12 History textbook is titled The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations. This chapter focuses on India’s first major rebellion against British colonial rule, which started in 1857 and spread across northern and central parts of the country. But beyond just retelling events, this chapter also highlights how the revolt was represented in British and Indian records, paintings, and literature. It explains how the same event was seen as a ‘mutiny’ by the British and as a ‘freedom struggle’ by Indians.

I chose to write about this chapter because the 1857 revolt is not just an event in our syllabus — it’s a powerful reminder of how stories can be told differently depending on who is telling them. Many students only focus on the causes and results of the revolt for exam purposes, but this chapter goes one step further. It encourages us to think critically about how history is constructed, represented, and remembered. Whether you’re preparing for your board exams or competitive exams, this chapter will teach you how to look at historical events with a sharper and more questioning eye.

What Was the Revolt of 1857?

The Revolt of 1857 was a widespread uprising by Indian soldiers (sepoys), peasants, zamindars, and even some princes against British rule. It started in Meerut when Indian sepoys refused to use cartridges believed to be greased with cow and pig fat. The revolt quickly spread to Delhi, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, and several other regions.

But the rebellion was more than just a reaction to cartridge issues. There were deep-rooted causes like:

• Heavy taxation and land policies that affected peasants and zamindars
• Disrespect towards Indian culture, religion, and traditional rulers
• Economic exploitation and destruction of local industries
• Growing discontent among soldiers in the British Indian Army

Representations of the Revolt

This is where the chapter becomes really interesting. It shows how the 1857 revolt was remembered and represented differently by various people:

British Viewpoint

• The British saw the revolt as a “mutiny” — a betrayal by their own Indian soldiers.
• They portrayed themselves as saviours who restored peace.
• Paintings and photographs often showed British women and children as victims.
• British novels and newspapers described the rebels as violent and irrational.

Indian Nationalist Viewpoint

• Indian leaders later called the revolt the First War of Independence.
• Rani Lakshmibai, Bahadur Shah Zafar, and Tantia Tope were seen as heroes.
• The revolt was remembered with pride and emotion.
• Freedom fighters in the 20th century drew inspiration from the 1857 rebels.

Other Sources Used in the Chapter

• Photographs: Visual records of British soldiers and destroyed cities
• Proclamations: Letters issued by rebel leaders to gather support
• Personal accounts: Writings of both British officials and Indian leaders

These sources help students compare facts and interpretations side by side.

How This Chapter Helps You Think Differently

Chapter 10 doesn’t just list facts. It shows you:

• That history depends on who is writing it
• That visual sources like paintings and photos also tell a story
• That one event can have multiple meanings across time
• That even silence in a record can speak volumes

If you’re someone who loves questioning what’s written in textbooks, this chapter is definitely for you.

Download PDF: NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 10 – The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations

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NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 10 – The Revolt of 1857 and Its Representations