NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 Chapter 5: Security in the Contemporary World PDF– Download & Key Concepts

Chapter 5 of NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 is titled Security in the Contemporary World. This chapter explains what security means today—far beyond just military strength. It introduces students to different types of security threats that nations face in the modern world. From nuclear weapons to cyber-attacks, climate change to terrorism, the chapter

Chapter 5 of NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 is titled Security in the Contemporary World. This chapter explains what security means today—far beyond just military strength. It introduces students to different types of security threats that nations face in the modern world. From nuclear weapons to cyber-attacks, climate change to terrorism, the chapter breaks down each area in a simple and structured way. It also highlights how global cooperation has become crucial for protecting national and human interests.

I’m writing about this topic because students often assume “security” only means tanks, soldiers, and wars. But today, real threats could come from a virus like COVID-19, a flood caused by climate change, or even an economic collapse. This chapter opens our minds to the new meaning of national and international security. It also matters because security isn’t only a concern for governments—it affects daily life. For example, data privacy, clean drinking water, or access to vaccines are all part of human security now. So, understanding this chapter is not just for scoring marks in exams but also for becoming a more aware citizen.

What Does Security Mean Today?

Traditionally, security meant protecting a country’s borders and people through military power. But after the Cold War, the meaning of security has expanded.

Two Major Concepts of Security:

Type of Security	Focus Area	Example
Traditional Security	Military strength, defence, wars	India-Pakistan war, nuclear weapons
Non-Traditional Security	Human rights, climate, health, migration	COVID-19 pandemic, terrorism

In today’s world, both types are important. No country can rely only on weapons anymore. Cyber attacks, pandemics, and economic instability can be just as dangerous.

Traditional Notions of Security

This includes defence from external threats using:

Army, Navy, and Air Force
Diplomacy to avoid war
Alliances like NATO
Nuclear deterrence

Countries also spend a large portion of their budget on defence. For example, India’s defence budget in 2024-25 was around ₹6.2 lakh crore.

But military security alone can’t solve all problems.

Non-Traditional Notions of Security

This is where the chapter gets more interesting and relevant for our lives.

1. Human Security

Focuses on individual well-being. Includes:

Food security
Health care
Employment
Protection from violence

2. Environmental Security

Climate change, pollution, and natural disasters are huge threats today.

Rising sea levels
Deforestation
Extreme weather events

3. Terrorism

Not just cross-border terrorism but also home-grown and cyber terrorism.

4. Migration and Refugees

Millions of people are forced to leave homes due to war, poverty, or disasters.

5. Health Security

After COVID-19, every country realised that hospitals and vaccines are as important as missiles.

Role of Cooperation in Ensuring Security

Countries cannot handle these threats alone. That’s why international cooperation is essential.

Examples:

Paris Climate Agreement (for climate security)
WHO coordination during pandemics
UN Peacekeeping Forces in war-torn areas
Sharing intelligence to stop terrorism

Even in South Asia, countries under SAARC try to cooperate on disaster management and health issues.

How Security Affects Us as Citizens

A cyber-attack can steal your personal data
Climate change affects farmers and food prices
A health crisis like COVID-19 can disrupt school, jobs, and transport
Terrorism can create fear in society

That’s why understanding modern-day security is not only for policymakers but also for students, teachers, and citizens.

Download PDF: NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 Chapter 5 – Security in the Contemporary World

You can easily download the official PDF of this chapter from here:

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 Chapter 5 – Security in the Contemporary World

NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 Chapter 7: Globalisation PDF Full Chapter Download & Summary

Chapter 7 of NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 is titled Globalisation. This chapter discusses how globalisation affects our economy, politics, and daily lives. It helps students understand the changes that have come in the world due to increased connectivity between countries—through trade, communication, and culture. It also explains the different viewpoints on globalisation,

Chapter 7 of NCERT Class 12 Political Science Part 1 is titled Globalisation. This chapter discusses how globalisation affects our economy, politics, and daily lives. It helps students understand the changes that have come in the world due to increased connectivity between countries—through trade, communication, and culture. It also explains the different viewpoints on globalisation, both in favour and against, and looks at its political implications.

I chose to write on this topic because globalisation is something that we all experience—whether we realise it or not. From watching international shows on Netflix to using foreign-made phones, globalisation is part of our daily life. But along with these changes come important debates. Is globalisation helping developing countries like India? Or is it increasing inequality and killing local businesses? As a student, understanding these issues is crucial not just for exams, but also to become more informed and responsible citizens. Chapter 7 explains these questions in simple words and real-world examples, which makes it very relevant for young minds today.

What the Chapter Covers

The chapter explains globalisation as a multi-dimensional process. It’s not just about economics—it includes politics, culture, technology, and even food and entertainment. It shows how globalisation affects jobs, policies, and local cultures.

Key Points in the Chapter:

Topic	Explanation
Economic Globalisation	Free movement of goods, services, capital and technology across borders
Cultural Globalisation	Spread of cultural ideas like food, films, fashion, and language
Political Globalisation	Global rules, international organisations, and treaties shaping national decisions
Resistance to Globalisation	Protests, local movements, and critics who argue that globalisation increases inequality
Role of International Organisations	WTO, IMF, World Bank influencing how countries run their economy

Pros and Cons of Globalisation

The chapter highlights how globalisation has both benefits and drawbacks. Here’s a quick look:

Benefits:

Cheaper and better products due to global competition
New job opportunities in sectors like IT and services
Faster flow of technology and innovation
Cultural exchange and awareness

Drawbacks:

Small industries and local farmers often lose out
Increased gap between rich and poor
Cultural erosion and loss of local identity
Countries becoming too dependent on foreign powers

India’s Experience with Globalisation

India opened up its economy in 1991, introducing liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation (LPG reforms). Since then:

India’s GDP has increased
Cities like Bengaluru became IT hubs
Many global brands came to India (like Amazon, McDonald’s, etc.)

But it also brought challenges:

Farmers faced rising input costs and market instability
Public sector jobs reduced
Economic decisions are often influenced by global financial trends

The chapter also discusses how India is trying to balance global trade with protecting its local industries through initiatives like Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat.