NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamental of Human Geography) Chapter 7: Transport and Communication – Full Notes and PDF Download Link

Chapter 7 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) textbook deals with Transport and Communication, two important systems that connect people, places, and economies. Whether it’s roadways, railways, airways, or the internet, all these networks help move goods, services, ideas, and information across the world. This chapter explains different modes of transport

Chapter 7 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) textbook deals with Transport and Communication, two important systems that connect people, places, and economies. Whether it’s roadways, railways, airways, or the internet, all these networks help move goods, services, ideas, and information across the world. This chapter explains different modes of transport and their advantages, and how communication plays a vital role in bringing the world closer.

I wanted to write about this topic because transport and communication are not just academic subjects – they are part of our daily life. From booking a train ticket online to sending a message in seconds, everything we do depends on how fast and efficiently we connect. This chapter is useful not just for board exam preparation, but also for understanding how the modern economy functions. Students preparing for competitive exams like UPSC or state services will also find these topics relevant. Having a reliable and free NCERT PDF helps students revise properly without running after extra coaching materials.

Overview of Transport and Communication

Transport and communication form the backbone of any country’s development. While transport helps in the physical movement of goods and people, communication allows the transfer of information.

Types of Transport Explained in the Chapter

Land Transport
- Roadways: Flexible, door-to-door service.
- Railways: Cost-effective for heavy and long-distance transport.
- India has one of the largest rail networks in the world.
Water Transport
- Inland Waterways: Used for local cargo and passengers.
- Ocean Routes: Crucial for international trade.
Air Transport
- Fastest but most expensive mode.
- Ideal for time-sensitive cargo and passengers.
- India has both domestic and international airports.
Pipeline Transport
- Used for transporting liquids like oil, natural gas, and water.

Importance of Each Mode

Mode	Best For	Limitation
Roadways	Short distance, rural access	Traffic, pollution
Railways	Bulk cargo, passengers	Requires fixed infrastructure
Airways	Time-saving, long distances	Expensive, weather-dependent
Waterways	Cheapest for heavy goods	Slower, depends on water levels
Pipelines	Continuous flow of liquids	High initial cost, fixed routes

Communication Networks

Apart from transport, the chapter also discusses communication, especially in the age of digital technology.

Types of Communication

Personal Communication: Letters, mobile phones, video calls
Mass Communication: TV, radio, newspapers, social media

Key Highlights

Satellites like INSAT have improved India’s reach in remote areas.
The chapter discusses how India is progressing in telecom and internet coverage.
News channels, mobile services, and the postal system are examples of mass and personal communication.

Why Transport and Communication Matter

Without these two systems, no country can grow. Agriculture, industry, healthcare, and education all rely on efficient movement and timely information.

India’s Golden Quadrilateral project connects major cities.
The Digital India mission focuses on improving internet and mobile access in rural areas.
During COVID-19, digital communication became the only way for schools and offices to function.

Download PDF: NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 – Transport and Communication

If you’re looking for the official PDF version of this chapter, you can download it directly from here:

NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamental of Human Geography) Chapter 7: Transport and Communication

NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamental of Human Geography) Chapter 8: International Trade – Free PDF Download and Full Chapter Summary

Chapter 8 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) book focuses on International Trade, which is one of the most crucial aspects of a country’s economic and political relations. This chapter explains how countries exchange goods and services across borders, the patterns of trade, the role of organisations like WTO, and India’s

Chapter 8 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) book focuses on International Trade, which is one of the most crucial aspects of a country’s economic and political relations. This chapter explains how countries exchange goods and services across borders, the patterns of trade, the role of organisations like WTO, and India’s position in the global trade network. It also talks about different trade routes, major exports and imports, and recent changes in global trade systems.

I chose to write about this chapter because it helps students understand not just bookish definitions but also how the world’s economies are connected. In today’s time, when prices of onions in India are affected by export bans or crude oil rates are driven by international conflicts, this chapter becomes very relatable. I strongly believe students should learn how international decisions impact their own country’s economy. Whether someone is preparing for board exams or competitive ones like UPSC, understanding the basics of trade is a must. That’s why I’ve included a PDF download link also, so students can directly study from the source material.

What is International Trade?

International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It helps nations earn foreign exchange, create jobs, and promote economic growth.

There are two main types:

Bilateral Trade: Between two countries (e.g., India and Bangladesh)
Multilateral Trade: Involves many countries (e.g., through WTO)

This chapter also discusses the difference between free trade and protectionism. While free trade supports open markets, protectionism involves tariffs and restrictions to protect domestic industries.

Importance of International Trade

Helps countries get access to goods they cannot produce locally
Promotes cooperation among nations
Brings in foreign exchange
Boosts industrial and agricultural sectors

Major Trade Routes and Patterns

Trade routes are the paths through which goods travel across the globe. These can be land, sea or air routes.

Major Sea Routes

North Atlantic Route (between North America and Europe)
Suez Canal Route (connecting Europe to Asia)
Cape of Good Hope Route (used when Suez Canal is blocked)

Factors Affecting Trade Routes

Physical barriers like mountains and deserts
Political relations between countries
Development of transport and communication

India’s Role in Global Trade

India plays a growing role in world trade, especially in services and IT. The chapter highlights:

India exports textiles, gems and jewellery, software, petroleum products
Imports include crude oil, gold, machinery, electronics
India’s trade partners: USA, China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and European countries

The chapter also explains government initiatives like:

Make in India
Foreign Trade Policy
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

These are designed to increase India’s share in international trade.

Role of International Organisations

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an important part of the chapter. It regulates international trade laws and resolves trade disputes. The chapter explains the pros and cons of WTO’s role in developing nations like India.