NCERT Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders PDF Download

NCERT Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4, Psychological Disorders, introduces students to various mental health conditions, their symptoms, causes, and treatments. It explains how disorders are classified, the difference between normal and abnormal behaviour, and the role of biological, psychological, and social factors in mental illness. The chapter also highlights the importance of early detection, counselling,

NCERT Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4, Psychological Disorders, introduces students to various mental health conditions, their symptoms, causes, and treatments. It explains how disorders are classified, the difference between normal and abnormal behaviour, and the role of biological, psychological, and social factors in mental illness. The chapter also highlights the importance of early detection, counselling, and therapy in managing mental health issues. This is an important chapter in the CBSE syllabus for both academic understanding and building awareness about mental well-being.

I am writing about this topic because mental health is a subject that is still surrounded by myths in our society. Many people misunderstand psychological disorders, which often leads to stigma and hesitation in seeking help. As students, knowing about these conditions is not just about preparing for exams, but also about developing empathy, recognising signs in ourselves or others, and understanding that treatment is possible. By sharing the official NCERT PDF, my aim is to provide accurate information straight from the syllabus so students can learn from a trusted source. This knowledge can help reduce prejudice, promote open conversations, and encourage a healthier approach to mental health.

Overview of Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders

This chapter covers:

Meaning of Psychological Disorders – What differentiates normal from abnormal behaviour.
Classification Systems – ICD-10 and DSM-5 categories.
Types of Disorders –
- Anxiety disorders (phobias, panic disorder, OCD)
- Mood disorders (depression, bipolar disorder)
- Schizophrenia spectrum disorders
- Somatic symptom and related disorders
- Dissociative disorders
- Substance-related disorders
Causes – Biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors.
Treatment Approaches – Psychotherapy, biomedical therapy, and community-based interventions.

Key Points Students Should Remember

Psychological disorders are common and treatable, just like physical illnesses.
Classification helps in accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.
Support from family and society plays a crucial role in recovery.
Early intervention increases the chances of complete recovery.

Everyday Examples for Better Understanding

A person avoiding crowded places due to panic attacks may have an anxiety disorder.
Someone experiencing extreme mood swings could be facing bipolar disorder.
Continuous feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and low energy are signs of depression.

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NCERT Class 12 Psychology Chapter 4: Psychological Disorders

NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 2 Chapter 8: Social Movements PDF Download

Social movements have always been a powerful force for change in society, and NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 2 Chapter 8 focuses on understanding their forms, causes, and impact. The chapter explains how movements arise, the role of leadership, and how they influence both policies and public opinion. It also discusses the differences between social

I am writing about this topic because students often find it difficult to connect textbook theory with real-life events. This chapter is important as it gives clarity on why social movements occur, how they are sustained, and how they shape society in the long run. Understanding this is not only essential for exam preparation but also for developing awareness as responsible citizens. For instance, movements like the Chipko Movement, Civil Rights Movement, or farmers’ protests are rooted in the same principles discussed in this chapter. By studying this topic, students can relate classroom learning to the real world and also develop critical thinking on social change.

Overview of Social Movements in Sociology

In sociology, social movements are defined as organised efforts by a large group of people to bring about or resist change in society. The chapter categorises movements into different types:

Reformist movements – Aim to change specific laws or policies without altering the entire system.
Revolutionary movements – Seek to completely change the political, social, or economic order.
Reactionary movements – Work towards resisting or reversing changes in society.
Redemptive movements – Focus on changing individuals’ lives rather than structural changes.

The NCERT text also explains that social movements have four main stages – emergence, coalescence, bureaucratisation, and decline. Examples like the Dalit movement, women’s rights movements, and environmental movements help students understand these concepts better.

Key Features Discussed in the Chapter

Movements can be short-term or long-term depending on their goals and public support.
Leadership and organisation play a big role in sustaining the movement.
Media often acts as a catalyst by spreading awareness and gathering public opinion.
Social movements are different from riots or spontaneous protests because they have a clear objective and planned strategies.

Why This Chapter is Relevant for Students

Understanding social movements helps students not only in sociology but also in subjects like political science, history, and current affairs. It strengthens analytical skills and helps in competitive exams like UPSC, where social change is a key theme.

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Students who want to read the full chapter can download the official NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 2 Chapter 8: Social Movements PDF from this website:

NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 2 Chapter 8: Social Movements