NCERT Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 7: Formation of a Company PDF Download

Chapter 7 of Class 11 Business Studies is all about the Formation of a Company. It explains the step-by-step process of starting a company in India—from the idea stage to getting approval and registration. Students get to learn the actual formalities and legal documents needed to start a business legally, including terms like Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, and Certificate of Incorporation.

I chose this chapter because many students, especially those interested in business, don’t realise how important and detailed the company formation process is. In real life, this process is followed every day by thousands of entrepreneurs. If someone plans to launch a startup or join a business course, this chapter gives the basics of how to register and legally form a company. I personally think it’s one of the most practical chapters in the Business Studies syllabus, and it gives us a real-world sense of how businesses begin their journey—from paperwork to approvals.

Formation of a Company

Forming a company is not just about starting a business idea—it involves several legal steps that must be followed. This chapter breaks down those steps clearly, and it’s a part of the official NCERT Class 11 Business Studies syllabus.

Stages in Formation of a Company

The process of forming a company usually has four main stages:

Promotion
- This is the idea stage
- Promoters come up with the business plan
- Arrangements for capital and location are made
Incorporation
- This is the legal process of registering the company
- Documents like the Memorandum of Association (MOA), Articles of Association (AOA), and Declaration by Professionals are submitted
- Registrar of Companies (ROC) gives the Certificate of Incorporation
Subscription of Capital
- Only for public companies
- Company issues shares to raise funds
- Prospectus is released to invite investors
Commencement of Business
- For public companies, this step is needed
- They can start business after getting the Certificate of Commencement

Private companies can start business immediately after incorporation, while public companies have to complete all four steps.

Key Documents Required

MOA (Memorandum of Association): Main document that defines the company’s purpose
AOA (Articles of Association): Rules for internal management
Prospectus: Only for public companies inviting share capital
Statutory Declaration: That all rules are followed

Example from Real Life

If someone wants to start a business like an e-commerce company or tech startup in India, they need to register their company with the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA). Legal documents like MOA and AOA must be filed online. Once approved, the business gets a CIN (Corporate Identity Number) and is legally recognised.

Companies like Zomato, Paytm, and Nykaa have all gone through these steps at the start.

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Click Here to Download NCERT Class 11 Business Studies Chapter 7: Formation of a Company PDF

Download NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 17 Hindi PDF: गमन एवं संचलन

Movement and locomotion are two of the most exciting topics students learn in Class 11 Biology, especially in the Hindi medium. Chapter 17, गमन एवं संचलन, explains how living organisms move, how muscles function, how bones support the body, and how different systems work together to enable movement. This chapter builds a strong foundation for higher studies in biology, medicine, physiotherapy and sports science.

I am writing about this chapter because I know many students struggle to find the correct NCERT PDF in Hindi, especially when preparing for exams. Having a reliable, easy-to-download PDF helps students revise whenever needed. Chapter 17 is also important because it clears concepts that often appear in competitive exams like NEET, state-level entrance tests and school-level assessments. When students understand the basics such as types of joints, structure of muscles, skeletal system and movement disorders, it becomes much easier to answer application-based and diagram-related questions. In short, having quick access to this chapter in PDF format can really boost revision speed and help students stay confident before exams.

About NCERT Class 11 Biology Chapter 17: गमन एवं संचलन

NCERT’s Chapter 17 in the Hindi Biology textbook covers the complete mechanism of movement in humans and other organisms. It explains how our bones, muscles and joints coordinate to create motion.

The chapter mainly includes:

Types of movements
Skeletal system
Types of bones and joints
Structure of muscles
Muscle contraction process
Disorders related to movement

This chapter becomes very useful later when students study human physiology in Class 12 or prepare for entrance exams.

Key Topics Covered in Chapter 17

Here are the major concepts included in गमन एवं संचलन:

Locomotion and movement – Difference between the two, with real-life examples
Skeletal system – Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, functions of bones
Joints – Ball and socket, hinge joints, pivot joints, gliding joints
Muscle types – Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
Muscle structure – Sarcomere, actin, myosin
Mechanism of muscle contraction – Sliding filament theory
Disorders – Arthritis, osteoporosis, myasthenia gravis

Students often find diagrams related to muscle structure and types of joints very important for exams. So, having the PDF makes it easier to refer to the diagrams anytime.