NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 7: Gravitation PDF Free Download with Concepts

Gravitation is Chapter 7 in the NCERT Class 11 Physics book. This chapter explains one of the most universal forces in nature — gravity. From how objects fall to why planets move in orbits, all these phenomena are covered under gravitation. It introduces Newton’s law of gravitation, acceleration due to gravity, satellite motion, and even

I’m writing about this chapter because gravitation is not just a textbook topic. It’s something that affects our daily lives, from the simple act of walking to space missions. Many students find the formulas easy but get confused with the concepts. So having a proper understanding with a clean, easy-to-read NCERT PDF helps a lot. This topic is important for board exams and is frequently asked in JEE, NEET and other entrance tests. By breaking the chapter into parts and explaining them in a simple way, we can make it more manageable and interesting for learners.

NCERT Class 11 Physics Chapter 7: Gravitation – Overview

Gravitation, though invisible, is one of the strongest forces in Physics when it comes to shaping the universe. This chapter helps us understand how gravity works on Earth and in space.

Key Concepts Covered in the Chapter

1. Universal Law of Gravitation

Newton’s Law: Every particle attracts every other particle
Inverse square law
Importance of the universal gravitational constant (G)

2. Acceleration Due to Gravity

Value and variation of ‘g’ on Earth
Factors that affect gravity: height, depth, rotation of Earth
Difference between mass and weight

3. Gravitational Potential Energy

Concept of potential energy in a gravitational field
Derivation of formulas for U = –GMm/r
Escape velocity and orbital velocity

4. Satellite Motion

Circular and elliptical orbits
Geo-stationary satellites
Time period and energy of satellites

5. Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Law of Orbits
Law of Areas
Law of Periods

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NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamental of Human Geography) Chapter 8: International Trade – Free PDF Download and Full Chapter Summary

Chapter 8 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) book focuses on International Trade, which is one of the most crucial aspects of a country’s economic and political relations. This chapter explains how countries exchange goods and services across borders, the patterns of trade, the role of organisations like WTO, and India’s

Chapter 8 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography (Fundamentals of Human Geography) book focuses on International Trade, which is one of the most crucial aspects of a country’s economic and political relations. This chapter explains how countries exchange goods and services across borders, the patterns of trade, the role of organisations like WTO, and India’s position in the global trade network. It also talks about different trade routes, major exports and imports, and recent changes in global trade systems.

I chose to write about this chapter because it helps students understand not just bookish definitions but also how the world’s economies are connected. In today’s time, when prices of onions in India are affected by export bans or crude oil rates are driven by international conflicts, this chapter becomes very relatable. I strongly believe students should learn how international decisions impact their own country’s economy. Whether someone is preparing for board exams or competitive ones like UPSC, understanding the basics of trade is a must. That’s why I’ve included a PDF download link also, so students can directly study from the source material.

What is International Trade?

International trade refers to the exchange of goods and services between countries. It helps nations earn foreign exchange, create jobs, and promote economic growth.

There are two main types:

Bilateral Trade: Between two countries (e.g., India and Bangladesh)
Multilateral Trade: Involves many countries (e.g., through WTO)

This chapter also discusses the difference between free trade and protectionism. While free trade supports open markets, protectionism involves tariffs and restrictions to protect domestic industries.

Importance of International Trade

Helps countries get access to goods they cannot produce locally
Promotes cooperation among nations
Brings in foreign exchange
Boosts industrial and agricultural sectors

Major Trade Routes and Patterns

Trade routes are the paths through which goods travel across the globe. These can be land, sea or air routes.

Major Sea Routes

North Atlantic Route (between North America and Europe)
Suez Canal Route (connecting Europe to Asia)
Cape of Good Hope Route (used when Suez Canal is blocked)

Factors Affecting Trade Routes

Physical barriers like mountains and deserts
Political relations between countries
Development of transport and communication

India’s Role in Global Trade

India plays a growing role in world trade, especially in services and IT. The chapter highlights:

India exports textiles, gems and jewellery, software, petroleum products
Imports include crude oil, gold, machinery, electronics
India’s trade partners: USA, China, UAE, Saudi Arabia, and European countries

The chapter also explains government initiatives like:

Make in India
Foreign Trade Policy
Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

These are designed to increase India’s share in international trade.

Role of International Organisations

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an important part of the chapter. It regulates international trade laws and resolves trade disputes. The chapter explains the pros and cons of WTO’s role in developing nations like India.