NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1 Solutions PDF – Free Download with Important Topics & Formulae

Chapter 1 of Class 12 Chemistry is all about Solutions, which lays the foundation for understanding many other concepts in physical chemistry. This chapter deals with different types of solutions, how they are formed, and the laws that govern their behaviour. It includes concepts like concentration terms, solubility, vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, colligative properties and

Chapter 1 of Class 12 Chemistry is all about Solutions, which lays the foundation for understanding many other concepts in physical chemistry. This chapter deals with different types of solutions, how they are formed, and the laws that govern their behaviour. It includes concepts like concentration terms, solubility, vapour pressure, Raoult’s law, colligative properties and abnormal molar masses. It’s an important chapter from both exam and competitive point of view.

I’ve decided to write on this topic because many students face difficulty in remembering the formulas and understanding how concepts like molality or vapour pressure are applied in questions. I still remember how tricky numerical questions on freezing point depression or boiling point elevation used to be during my preparation days. But once I understood the logic behind them, they became easy to crack. That’s why I believe if you have a clean NCERT PDF in hand and a good understanding of the basics, this chapter becomes scoring. And since NCERT is the backbone for CBSE and entrance exams like NEET and JEE, it’s better to have easy access to the PDF along with a smart approach to study the chapter.

Important Topics in Chapter 1 – Solutions

This chapter starts with the classification of different types of solutions based on solute-solvent combinations and then moves into more detailed concepts. Here’s a breakdown of the key areas:

1. Types of Solutions

Solid in liquid
Liquid in liquid
Gas in liquid
Gas in gas
Solid in solid

2. Concentration Terms

Mass percentage (w/w)
Volume percentage (v/v)
Parts per million (ppm)
Mole fraction
Molarity (mol/L)
Molality (mol/kg)

3. Solubility

Factors affecting solubility of solids and gases in liquids
Henry’s Law and its applications

4. Vapour Pressure of Liquid Solutions

Raoult’s Law for volatile and non-volatile solutes
Ideal and non-ideal solutions
Azeotropes

5. Colligative Properties

These depend only on the number of solute particles and not on their nature.

Relative lowering of vapour pressure
Elevation of boiling point
Depression of freezing point
Osmotic pressure

6. Abnormal Molar Masses

Concept of van’t Hoff factor (i)
Association and dissociation of solutes
How colligative properties are used to calculate molar mass

How to Prepare This Chapter Effectively

Start with NCERT theory – it is well explained in simple language
Focus on definitions, laws, and derivations
Make a table of all formulas and revise it daily
Practise numerical problems regularly
Solve all NCERT back questions and examples
Watch video lectures for tougher concepts like azeotropes and abnormal molar mass
Practise assertion-reason and case-study-based questions for better application

Download PDF – NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 1: Solutions

You can easily download the complete chapter PDF

NCERT Class 12 English Vistas Chapter 6: Memories of Childhood PDF Download & Complete Summary

Memories of Childhood is Chapter 6 in the Class 12 English Vistas textbook by NCERT. What makes this chapter special is that it’s not a single story—it’s made up of two autobiographical excerpts written by two women, Zitkala-Sa and Bama. Both narrate incidents from their early lives that reflect the discrimination they faced because of

Memories of Childhood is Chapter 6 in the Class 12 English Vistas textbook by NCERT. What makes this chapter special is that it’s not a single story—it’s made up of two autobiographical excerpts written by two women, Zitkala-Sa and Bama. Both narrate incidents from their early lives that reflect the discrimination they faced because of their identity. While Zitkala-Sa was a Native American who suffered cultural oppression, Bama grew up as a Dalit in South India, dealing with caste-based discrimination. These two stories are placed together in the chapter to show that such issues exist in many parts of the world.

I decided to write about this chapter because it’s different from the others in the book. It’s not fiction, but a real account of how young children feel when they are treated unfairly just because of their background. When I first read Bama’s story, I couldn’t stop thinking about how common such behaviour still is in many Indian towns. These stories make us more aware and sensitive. As students, we need to understand not just grammar and vocabulary but also social realities. This chapter is an important step towards building that understanding.

What is “Memories of Childhood” About?

This chapter includes two short autobiographical narratives that focus on childhood memories shaped by discrimination and injustice.

Part One: The Cutting of My Long Hair by Zitkala-Sa

This section is written by a Native American woman who was taken to a missionary school where they tried to make her behave like a “white” child. She describes how humiliating it was when her long hair was forcibly cut, which in her culture was a sign of defeat. She feels powerless, angry, and alien in a place that tries to erase her identity.

Part Two: We Too Are Human Beings by Bama

Bama’s story takes place in a village in Tamil Nadu. She is a young Dalit girl who notices how upper-caste people treat her community with disrespect. She sees a man carrying food for his master without touching it, just because of his caste. When she narrates this incident to her brother, he tells her about caste discrimination and advises her to study hard to earn respect and equality.

Main Characters:

Zitkala-Sa – A Native American girl forced to give up her culture at a white-run school
Bama – A young Dalit girl who slowly becomes aware of social injustice

Key Themes:

Discrimination based on race and caste
Childhood trauma and awareness
Loss of identity
Education as a tool for change

Why This Chapter Matters for Students

Real stories: It helps students connect emotionally to real-life problems faced by children
Relevant to society: Topics like caste and cultural identity are still important in today’s India
CBSE exam favourite: Frequently asked in long and value-based questions
Builds empathy: Helps students look beyond textbooks and understand people around them better
Teaches resilience: Both writers turned their pain into power through education and awareness