NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 Electrochemistry PDF – Download with Key Concepts and Formula Sheet

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2, titled Electrochemistry, deals with the study of how electricity and chemical reactions are connected. It covers key ideas like redox reactions, galvanic cells, electrolysis, electrode potential, Nernst equation and conductance of electrolytic solutions. This chapter also introduces you to real-life applications such as batteries, corrosion, and fuel cells. With both

Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2, titled Electrochemistry, deals with the study of how electricity and chemical reactions are connected. It covers key ideas like redox reactions, galvanic cells, electrolysis, electrode potential, Nernst equation and conductance of electrolytic solutions. This chapter also introduces you to real-life applications such as batteries, corrosion, and fuel cells. With both theory and numericals, this chapter carries a lot of weight in board exams and competitive entrances like NEET and JEE.

I’m writing on this topic because Electrochemistry is one of those chapters which often seems tough to students due to so many equations and terms like EMF, cell potential, resistance, etc. But if broken down properly, it becomes simple and even interesting. I remember during my own preparation, once I learnt to connect formulas to concepts like how a battery works or why metals corrode, the chapter became very logical. Many students struggle because they only try to mug up formulas without understanding. So in this article, I’ve explained the important parts of the chapter and shared how to access the official NCERT PDF for this topic to help you study more efficiently.

Important Concepts Covered in Chapter 2 – Electrochemistry

Let’s break down the major topics of this chapter so that it becomes easy to revise:

1. Electrochemical Cells

Galvanic cells (like Daniell cell)
Cell reactions and electrode processes
Representation of a cell using cell notation

2. EMF of a Cell

Electrode potential (oxidation and reduction)
Standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
Electrochemical series
Relationship between EMF and Gibbs free energy

3. Nernst Equation

Used to calculate EMF under non-standard conditions
Formula:
E = E° – (0.0591/n) × log([products]/[reactants])

4. Conductance of Electrolytic Solutions

Types of conductance:
- Specific conductance (κ)
- Molar conductance (Λm)
- Equivalent conductance (Λeq)
Variation of conductance with concentration
Kohlrausch’s law and its applications

5. Electrolysis and Faraday’s Laws

Electrolysis of molten and aqueous electrolytes
Faraday’s First Law:
m = Z × I × t
Faraday’s Second Law
Electrochemical equivalent

6. Batteries and Fuel Cells

Primary and secondary batteries
Lead storage battery, lithium ion battery
Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell and its working

7. Corrosion

Concept and mechanism of rusting
Prevention methods

Tips to Study Electrochemistry Effectively

Start with NCERT textbook and understand each definition and diagram
Focus on concepts like cell reactions, standard electrode potentials, and Nernst equation
Learn formulas and practise at least 10 numericals per formula
Use memory tricks or short notes for Faraday’s laws and conductance terms
Make a separate page for all units and their conversions – they matter a lot in numerical questions
Revise real-life applications like corrosion and battery chemistry for 1-mark and case-based questions

Download PDF – NCERT Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2: Electrochemistry

To access the full and original chapter for free, click here.

NCERT Class 12 English Vistas Chapter 6: Memories of Childhood PDF Download & Complete Summary

Memories of Childhood is Chapter 6 in the Class 12 English Vistas textbook by NCERT. What makes this chapter special is that it’s not a single story—it’s made up of two autobiographical excerpts written by two women, Zitkala-Sa and Bama. Both narrate incidents from their early lives that reflect the discrimination they faced because of

Memories of Childhood is Chapter 6 in the Class 12 English Vistas textbook by NCERT. What makes this chapter special is that it’s not a single story—it’s made up of two autobiographical excerpts written by two women, Zitkala-Sa and Bama. Both narrate incidents from their early lives that reflect the discrimination they faced because of their identity. While Zitkala-Sa was a Native American who suffered cultural oppression, Bama grew up as a Dalit in South India, dealing with caste-based discrimination. These two stories are placed together in the chapter to show that such issues exist in many parts of the world.

I decided to write about this chapter because it’s different from the others in the book. It’s not fiction, but a real account of how young children feel when they are treated unfairly just because of their background. When I first read Bama’s story, I couldn’t stop thinking about how common such behaviour still is in many Indian towns. These stories make us more aware and sensitive. As students, we need to understand not just grammar and vocabulary but also social realities. This chapter is an important step towards building that understanding.

What is “Memories of Childhood” About?

This chapter includes two short autobiographical narratives that focus on childhood memories shaped by discrimination and injustice.

Part One: The Cutting of My Long Hair by Zitkala-Sa

This section is written by a Native American woman who was taken to a missionary school where they tried to make her behave like a “white” child. She describes how humiliating it was when her long hair was forcibly cut, which in her culture was a sign of defeat. She feels powerless, angry, and alien in a place that tries to erase her identity.

Part Two: We Too Are Human Beings by Bama

Bama’s story takes place in a village in Tamil Nadu. She is a young Dalit girl who notices how upper-caste people treat her community with disrespect. She sees a man carrying food for his master without touching it, just because of his caste. When she narrates this incident to her brother, he tells her about caste discrimination and advises her to study hard to earn respect and equality.

Main Characters:

Zitkala-Sa – A Native American girl forced to give up her culture at a white-run school
Bama – A young Dalit girl who slowly becomes aware of social injustice

Key Themes:

Discrimination based on race and caste
Childhood trauma and awareness
Loss of identity
Education as a tool for change

Why This Chapter Matters for Students

Real stories: It helps students connect emotionally to real-life problems faced by children
Relevant to society: Topics like caste and cultural identity are still important in today’s India
CBSE exam favourite: Frequently asked in long and value-based questions
Builds empathy: Helps students look beyond textbooks and understand people around them better
Teaches resilience: Both writers turned their pain into power through education and awareness