NCERT Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy) Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources PDF

Minerals and energy resources are the backbones of any industrial economy. Chapter 5 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography textbook India: People and Economy focuses on the types, distribution, and importance of India’s mineral and energy resources. It explains where different minerals are found, how they are extracted and used, and also throws light on

Minerals and energy resources are the backbones of any industrial economy. Chapter 5 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography textbook India: People and Economy focuses on the types, distribution, and importance of India’s mineral and energy resources. It explains where different minerals are found, how they are extracted and used, and also throws light on renewable and non-renewable energy sources like coal, petroleum, solar, wind, and biomass. The chapter gives a good balance of theoretical concepts and real-world examples from Indian geography.

I chose to write on this topic because mineral and energy resources are not just academic concepts, they are connected to the country’s economy, environment, and even politics. For instance, coal shortages can shut down power plants, oil prices affect inflation, and hydro projects can cause environmental protests. This chapter is not only useful for board exam students but also important for those preparing for UPSC and other competitive exams. Understanding which minerals are found where, and how energy is generated and consumed, is also essential for making sense of current affairs. In this article, I’ll break down the main points of the chapter and also give you a direct link to download the official NCERT PDF.

Major Mineral Resources in India

India is rich in a variety of mineral resources, both metallic and non-metallic. These are some important ones covered in the chapter:

Metallic Minerals:

Iron Ore: Found in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka
Bauxite: Found in Odisha, Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Jharkhand
Manganese: Found in Odisha and Karnataka
Copper: Found in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Jharkhand

Non-Metallic Minerals:

Limestone: Used in cement and found in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan
Mica: Found mainly in Jharkhand and Bihar
Gypsum and Salt: Found in Rajasthan and Gujarat

These minerals are essential for construction, manufacturing, transport, and other key sectors.

Energy Resources in India

The chapter explains two main types of energy resources:

1. Conventional Energy Sources:

Coal: India’s main energy source, found in Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, and West Bengal
Petroleum: Found in Mumbai High, Assam, and Gujarat
Natural Gas: Found in Krishna-Godavari Basin and Tripura
Hydropower: Major plants located in Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and the North-East

2. Non-Conventional (Renewable) Energy Sources:

Solar energy: Best potential in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu
Wind energy: Major installations in Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, and Gujarat
Biomass and biogas
Tidal and geothermal energy (still under research phase)

Renewable energy is getting more attention now because of pollution and the threat of climate change.

Issues Related to Mining and Energy Use

The chapter also talks about problems like:

Over-extraction of minerals
Environmental damage due to mining
Energy crisis due to rising demand
Dependence on imported oil and gas
Displacement of tribal populations due to mining projects

The solution lies in sustainable mining, energy conservation, and investing more in renewable energy.

Download PDF: NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 5 – Mineral and Energy Resources

If you want to read the full chapter, here’s the direct link to download:

NCERT Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy) Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14: प्रायिकता PDF Download

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14 प्रायिकता (Probability) introduces students to the concept of chance and likelihood of events. In this chapter, students learn how to calculate the probability of simple events using the formula P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes ÷ Total number of outcomes. The chapter deals with real-life examples like tossing a

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14 प्रायिकता (Probability) introduces students to the concept of chance and likelihood of events. In this chapter, students learn how to calculate the probability of simple events using the formula P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes ÷ Total number of outcomes. The chapter deals with real-life examples like tossing a coin, rolling a dice, or drawing cards, which makes the subject more interesting and practical. Since probability questions are common in board exams and are generally considered easy, this chapter is highly important for scoring well.

I am writing about this topic because probability is not only an important part of the Class 10 syllabus but also a concept that students will use in higher studies and real life. From predicting weather conditions to calculating risks in business, probability plays a key role. Many students initially find it confusing, but NCERT presents it in a simple and easy-to-understand manner. By practising from the NCERT book, students can build a strong foundation and develop confidence in solving probability problems. Having the PDF makes it easier for learners to access the chapter anytime, revise formulas, and attempt practice questions before exams.