NCERT Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy) Chapter 7: Transport and Communication PDF

Transport and communication are the backbone of any developing country, and this is exactly what Chapter 7 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography book India: People and Economy talks about. The chapter explains how different types of transport—like roads, railways, waterways, and airways—connect people, goods, and services across India. It also explains the growing importance

Transport and communication are the backbone of any developing country, and this is exactly what Chapter 7 of the NCERT Class 12 Geography book India: People and Economy talks about. The chapter explains how different types of transport—like roads, railways, waterways, and airways—connect people, goods, and services across India. It also explains the growing importance of communication systems like postal networks, telecom, satellites, and mass media in modern India.

I decided to write about this topic because students often underestimate how important transport and communication are for geography, economy, and even national unity. Whether you’re travelling from Delhi to Chennai, or sending a message to a village in Manipur, these systems make it possible. This chapter is also useful for competitive exams like UPSC, SSC, and state-level services, where questions from Indian infrastructure and connectivity are common. Plus, the examples and data given in this chapter help us understand real-world issues like road density, digital divide, or why the northeast faces transport challenges. In this article, I’ll cover the key points from the chapter, explain the types of transport and communication systems in India, and also provide the link to download the official NCERT PDF.

Overview of Transport in India

Transport in India is classified into four main types—land, water, air, and pipeline. All these systems have developed over time and serve different parts of the country depending on geography and population needs.

1. Roadways

India has one of the largest road networks in the world
Includes National Highways, State Highways, district roads, rural roads
The Golden Quadrilateral and North-South & East-West Corridors are major projects
Road transport is more flexible and accessible in rural and hilly areas

2. Railways

India’s rail network is the fourth-largest in the world
Operated by Indian Railways, divided into zones
Railways are suitable for long-distance and bulk transport
Challenges include overcrowding, outdated tracks in some areas, and delays

3. Waterways

Inland waterways and coastal shipping are less developed but important
Major rivers like Ganga and Brahmaputra are declared National Waterways
Ports like Mumbai, Chennai, Kochi and Kolkata support sea transport

4. Airways

Fastest mode of transport, suitable for long-distance and remote area travel
Domestic and international airports connect India globally
Regional connectivity scheme (UDAN) is improving air access to small towns

5. Pipelines

Mainly used to transport petroleum, natural gas, and water
Examples include Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur gas pipeline

Download PDF: NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 7 – Transport and Communication

Here is the official NCERT link to download:

NCERT Class 12 Geography (India People and Economy) Chapter 7: Transport and Communication PDF

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14: प्रायिकता PDF Download

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14 प्रायिकता (Probability) introduces students to the concept of chance and likelihood of events. In this chapter, students learn how to calculate the probability of simple events using the formula P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes ÷ Total number of outcomes. The chapter deals with real-life examples like tossing a

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14 प्रायिकता (Probability) introduces students to the concept of chance and likelihood of events. In this chapter, students learn how to calculate the probability of simple events using the formula P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes ÷ Total number of outcomes. The chapter deals with real-life examples like tossing a coin, rolling a dice, or drawing cards, which makes the subject more interesting and practical. Since probability questions are common in board exams and are generally considered easy, this chapter is highly important for scoring well.

I am writing about this topic because probability is not only an important part of the Class 10 syllabus but also a concept that students will use in higher studies and real life. From predicting weather conditions to calculating risks in business, probability plays a key role. Many students initially find it confusing, but NCERT presents it in a simple and easy-to-understand manner. By practising from the NCERT book, students can build a strong foundation and develop confidence in solving probability problems. Having the PDF makes it easier for learners to access the chapter anytime, revise formulas, and attempt practice questions before exams.