NCERT Class 12 Geography (Practical Work in Geography) Chapter 3: Graphical Representation of Data PDF Explained

Class 12 Geography Practical Chapter 3 is all about how to represent data using different types of graphs and diagrams. This chapter teaches us how to convert numerical or tabulated data into visuals like bar graphs, pie charts, line graphs, and more. These visuals make it easier to understand trends, compare data, and present information in a neat and attractive way. In exams and project work, graphical representation is a scoring area if done correctly with proper labelling and neatness.

I wanted to write about this chapter because I’ve seen many students getting confused between which graph to use where. Often, students lose marks in practical exams not because they don’t know the data, but because they don’t present it well. This chapter is important not only for school exams but also for higher studies where data handling becomes more technical. Knowing how to represent data visually is a useful life skill as well. That’s why I thought I should explain the key parts of this chapter in simple terms and also give you the direct link to the NCERT PDF so you can revise it anytime.

What is Graphical Representation of Data?

Graphical representation means showing data using visuals instead of just numbers and words. It helps in making complex data easier to understand. In Geography, we often deal with huge sets of information like rainfall, population, crop production etc., and showing all of that in tables becomes boring and confusing. That’s why graphs and diagrams are used.

Different types of graphs suit different types of data. For example, time series data like temperature over a year can be shown using line graphs, while comparisons between states can be shown using bar graphs or pie charts.

Types of Graphical Representation Covered in This Chapter

The chapter covers many methods. Here’s a simple breakdown of the important types:

1. Bar Diagrams

Bar diagrams are used to compare data across categories.

Simple Bar Diagram: Used for one variable
Multiple Bar Diagram: For comparing two or more variables
Compound Bar Diagram: Shows sub-divisions within a bar

Example: Comparing literacy rate of males and females in different states

2. Line Graphs

Line graphs are useful for showing changes over time. They are drawn by joining plotted points using lines.

Example: Temperature of Delhi from January to December

3. Pie Charts

Pie charts show percentage distribution. A circle is divided into sectors where each angle represents a part of the total.

Example: Sector-wise contribution to India’s GDP

4. Climograph

This is a special graph that combines bar and line graphs. It shows both rainfall and temperature for each month.

Bars represent rainfall
Line graph shows temperature

5. Hythergraph

This graph also shows the relationship between temperature and rainfall but in a slightly different way. Here both values are plotted as points on a graph and connected.

6. Wind Rose

Used to show wind direction and frequency at a place over time. It’s drawn in a circular format, like a compass.

7. Histogram

It looks like a bar graph but is used for continuous data like frequency distributions. There are no gaps between the bars.

8. Frequency Polygon

This is drawn by joining the midpoints of histogram bars, useful in statistical representation.

Download PDF: NCERT Class 12 Geography Chapter 3

You can download the official PDF of Chapter 3 – Graphical Representation of Data directly from here:

NCERT Class 12 Geography (Practical Work in Geography) Chapter 3: Graphical Representation of Data

NCERT Class 12 English Flamingo Chapter 3: Deep Water PDF Summary & Download Link

Deep Water by William Douglas is the third chapter in the Class 12 English Flamingo book. It is an autobiographical piece where the author talks about his fear of water and how he overcame it. This is not just a story about swimming, but about fear, courage, determination, and personal growth. Douglas takes us through

Deep Water by William Douglas is the third chapter in the Class 12 English Flamingo book. It is an autobiographical piece where the author talks about his fear of water and how he overcame it. This is not just a story about swimming, but about fear, courage, determination, and personal growth. Douglas takes us through a terrifying experience from his childhood and shows us how he faced the same fear again and again till he conquered it completely.

I decided to write about Deep Water because it’s not just useful for students to score in their board exams, but it also gives a strong life lesson. Many students—like me—face some form of fear, whether it’s stage fright, fear of exams, or even fear of failure. This chapter teaches that fear is natural, but it should not control our life. I personally feel this story helps students relate to their own struggles and motivates them to keep trying. It’s a reminder that real strength is not about being fearless, but about fighting the fear till it goes away. That’s why I think this chapter deserves to be discussed in detail.

Summary of Deep Water

Deep Water is a first-person account written by William Douglas, a former judge of the US Supreme Court. The story is a reflection on an incident that happened in his childhood and how it shaped his confidence and mindset later in life.

Main Points:

The Beginning of Fear:
Douglas was afraid of water from the age of three when he was knocked over by waves at a beach in California. That memory stayed with him.
A Worse Incident:
When he was ten or eleven, he went to a swimming pool at YMCA in Yakima. One day, a big boy picked him up and threw him into the deep end of the pool for fun. Douglas sank like a stone and thought he was going to die. He tried to come up but failed. That moment left a deep scar in his mind.
Struggling with Fear:
After that, he avoided water completely. Even though he loved fishing and other outdoor activities, his fear of drowning stopped him.
Overcoming the Fear:
Later, Douglas hired a swimming instructor. The instructor taught him each part of swimming slowly—from floating to breathing to kicking. Over several months, Douglas learned to swim again.
Final Victory:
Even after learning to swim, he tested himself alone in lakes and rivers to be sure that the fear was really gone. He realised that once fear is faced and challenged, it disappears.

Themes and Life Lessons

The chapter is much more than a childhood story. Here are the main lessons and messages from Deep Water:

Face Your Fears:
Fear grows when we avoid it. But once we decide to face it, we become stronger than the fear itself.
Courage is a Process:
Douglas didn’t become brave overnight. It took time, effort, and patience.
Mental Strength:
The story shows how mental training is just as important as physical training.
Personal Growth:
The author not only learned swimming but also grew as a person. This incident gave him the courage to face bigger challenges in life.

Character Sketch of William Douglas

Character Trait	Description
Fearful	As a child, he was deeply scared of water due to a bad experience.
Determined	Instead of living with fear, he chose to fight it.
Honest	He openly shares his fear and how it affected him.
Inspiring	His story motivates readers to fight their own fears and never give up.

Exam Preparation Tips for Deep Water

Here are some common question types based on this chapter:

Question Type	Examples
Short Answer	What made Douglas fear water at first?
Long Answer	How did Douglas overcome his fear of water? What did he learn from the experience?
Value-Based	Why is the story called “Deep Water”? What does it symbolise?
Extract-Based	“The instructor was finished. But I was not finished.” – Explain this line.

Tip: Try to connect the answers to real-life situations. Use keywords like fear, courage, practice, transformation when writing long answers.