NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 1 Chapter 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion PDF Download

NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 1 Chapter 5, Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion, deals with how certain groups in society face unequal treatment and restricted opportunities. It explains concepts like social stratification, caste-based discrimination, gender inequality, economic disparity, and exclusion of marginalised communities. The chapter also includes examples from India, showing how these patterns

NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 1 Chapter 5, Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion, deals with how certain groups in society face unequal treatment and restricted opportunities. It explains concepts like social stratification, caste-based discrimination, gender inequality, economic disparity, and exclusion of marginalised communities. The chapter also includes examples from India, showing how these patterns operate in rural and urban areas, and how policies and social movements try to address them.

I am writing about this chapter because social inequality is not just a topic in sociology—it is something we can see in our surroundings every day. From the wage gap between men and women to the lack of access to quality education for certain castes, these issues affect the nation’s growth and fairness. For students, understanding these patterns is important not only for exams but also for becoming socially aware citizens. This chapter gives clear examples, case studies, and government initiatives that help explain the topic better. Sharing the official NCERT PDF will make it easy for students to get the authentic material they need for preparation.

Main Topics Covered in Chapter 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion

Social Stratification – How society is divided into layers based on caste, class, and power
Caste and Discrimination – Historical and present-day examples of caste-based exclusion
Economic Inequality – Wealth and income gaps in rural and urban India
Gender Inequality – Differences in education, employment, and wages for men and women
Disabilities and Social Barriers – Challenges faced by differently-abled people
Religious Minorities – Issues related to representation and social acceptance
Efforts to Reduce Inequality – Constitutional provisions, laws, and social movements

Examples from India

Women earning less than men for the same work in many industries
Dalit students facing social barriers despite reservation policies
Rural poverty limiting access to healthcare and higher education
Self-help groups and NGOs improving economic opportunities for marginalised women

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NCERT Class 12 Sociology Part 1 Chapter 5: Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14: प्रायिकता PDF Download

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14 प्रायिकता (Probability) introduces students to the concept of chance and likelihood of events. In this chapter, students learn how to calculate the probability of simple events using the formula P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes ÷ Total number of outcomes. The chapter deals with real-life examples like tossing a

NCERT Class 10 Math Chapter 14 प्रायिकता (Probability) introduces students to the concept of chance and likelihood of events. In this chapter, students learn how to calculate the probability of simple events using the formula P(E) = Number of favourable outcomes ÷ Total number of outcomes. The chapter deals with real-life examples like tossing a coin, rolling a dice, or drawing cards, which makes the subject more interesting and practical. Since probability questions are common in board exams and are generally considered easy, this chapter is highly important for scoring well.

I am writing about this topic because probability is not only an important part of the Class 10 syllabus but also a concept that students will use in higher studies and real life. From predicting weather conditions to calculating risks in business, probability plays a key role. Many students initially find it confusing, but NCERT presents it in a simple and easy-to-understand manner. By practising from the NCERT book, students can build a strong foundation and develop confidence in solving probability problems. Having the PDF makes it easier for learners to access the chapter anytime, revise formulas, and attempt practice questions before exams.